Assignment 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Task 4 - Essay Example As such, through and through freedom is supposed to be operant at whatever point an activity apparently is ethically dependable or deficiency in that department. In a similar vein, through and through freedom is applied to those activities which lead to huge results. The subsequent condition is significant, for there is no utility in dismembering the expectations of a person when they don't spring from a will to act. Having said this, occasionally individuals settle on the correct decisions for an inappropriate reasons. To forestall such traps, Campbell says that ‘inner acts’ is the thing that should be thought of, instead of ‘overt acts’. Campbell proceeds to additionally refine the extension with the expectation of complimentary will. An individual can't be considered responsible for choices and activities that are past his domain of control. To this degree, just those demonstrations are represented, for which the instigator is the sole on-screen character. As Campbell promptly concedes, his undertaking toward a sound meaning of choice is just halfway effective. Not exclusively are there an excessive number of conditions, however there are additionally unessential factors, for example, heredity and condition which have an orientation on the activity of through and through freedom. Thinking about all the escape clauses and outer variables, Campbell receives a disentangled rule, whereby, an individual can be accused or lauded for his demonstrations, just in the event that he could have acted something else. There is some legitimacy to the view that heredity and condition can extensively restrain human volition. Be that as it may, this reason just sets the degree inside which through and through freedom can be assessed. It doesn't follow that determinism is the all-encompassing clarification for human activity. The other serious issue with determinism is that it disburdens individuals from moral duty. While Campbell’s achievement in characterizing choice could be discussed, his paper has an unmistakable utility. It enables the peruser to comprehend the different axioms, suppositions, factors, variables and entanglements that the venture involves. However, before the end

Culture Difference Essay -- Essays Papers

Culture Difference The primary culture contrast that numerous Japanese find in America is their welcome traditions. In spite of the fact that the welcome is one of the easiest human correspondences, the two nations have various strategies for welcome one another. Three contrasts incorporate presentation, self-presentation, and flight. Moreover, the fundamental explanation behind the thing that matters is that Americans utilize verbal welcome and the Japanese utilize nonverbal welcome. In the first place, the request for presentation in the U.S. is the converse of the Japanese way. In America, for the most part old individuals are presented first. For instance, one of my companions welcomed me to his home, and he presented his dad first, at that point his mom, his more established sibling, and his young sister. After that he acquainted me with his family. Interestingly, the conventional standard is the inverse in Japan. As it were, youngsters must be presented first in Japan. This standard is the kind of way in Japan, and the individuals who don't follow this guideline are viewed as inconsiderate. The technique of self-presentation differs among America and Japan. Ameri...

Why Argumentative Essay Topics Are Important

Why Argumentative Essay Topics Are ImportantArgumentative essay topics are very important if you're an English major. These essays help students clarify and further develop their arguments. They are also a great way to break the ice and get to know each other.If you don't know how to structure an essay, then you should seek out a tutor or read an essay by a successful student. One way to structure a persuasive essay is to start with a question and work your way through to answer it. An example of this would be: What does modern day America do for fun? An example of an argumentative essay topic would be: We should hold a vacation to celebrate all the work we've done.Argumentative essay topics can vary greatly, but almost all good writers have some basic idea in mind. Usually an argumentative essay will cover some core themes like authority, equality, nature, and education. But before you even start writing, you need to decide on a topic.Common argumentative essay topics include philos ophy, history, politics, and religion. They all contain a wide range of topics that can be used as the basis for a reasonable argument. But as I mentioned above, an argumentative essay is a way to develop and clarify your argument. So the best way to decide which essay topics are right for you is to research some of your own.As far as essay topics go, gender roles and relationships are the most obvious. Most essays about these topics will use some sort of language that describes the relationship between the genders. This can range from a short sentence or paragraph describing two people who are one gender to a long narrative description about the effects of female chauvinism on relationships and family life.Obviously there is no universal rule for what type of essay to write about these topics. But if you are familiar with what they are about, you should be able to write an essay that is also worth reading.Another way to make a strong argument about these essay topics is to explain why women should be allowed to take care of children. The main reason many feminist organizations oppose such change is because they believe women should stay at home, do the domestic work, and raise the children.Now don't think your subject is this kind of strong point only because you disagree with them, think about what they mean. You should also be able to show how they affect real life.

Race and Health Essays - 723 Words

Race and Health When Hurricane Katrina struck New Orleans a couple months ago the citizens of this country were bombarded with questions on race playing a responsibility of the survivors that were stranded for days to soon be plucked from their rooftops. These people who were living paycheck to paycheck did not have the same resources of the wealthy. They most likely had no insurance, no stable extended family that could lend them a house to stay or even a job to return to after the storm. The majority of New Orleans is African American and also in poverty and although it has been an uncomfortable subject to discuss it seems that if these people would have had the help to flee the city or been able to afford transportation to escape†¦show more content†¦The dependent variable I applied was overall health status with a rating of 4 being interpreted as fair health and a rating of 5 translating to poor health. The controlled variable analyzed was income of $20,000 or more and $20,000 or less. Each of these groupings varied in sample size. For the $20,000 or more category combined people measured for Hispanic was 1,246,519; for Non-Hispanic White it was 6,598,138 and finally for Non-Hispanic Black 1,185,431 were measured. For the controlled variable for $20,000 or less category combined people measured for Hispanic was 944,946; for Non-Hispanic White it was 3,220,455 and for Non-Hispanic Black 1,321,714 were questioned. When examining these measurements it is observed that more whites were looked at then Hispanics or Blacks. When I give my interpretation I must then try to equal out the amount that was tested to be fair. To do so, I need to use a ratio to make sure that each sample is measured appropriately. For example, on the sample for the independent and dependent variables measured in the row total for Hispanics were 2,191,465. I then divided 80,000 by 2,191,465 to receive .037. To then get a percentage I multiplied this amount by 100 to receive a percentage of 3.6%. I had to proceed with this task in order to receive a fair amount of people measured and these are my results: Overall health Overall health $20,000 and more OverallShow MoreRelatedThe Health Of The Human Race1269 Words   |  6 PagesThe health of the human race relies on the earth’s resources for consumption of food and water. This dependency is crucial in order to maintain and sustain the future existence of humans on Earth. Unfortunately, as the world faces agricultural problems such as: price increases, overpopulation, and climate change, attaining food has proven to become more difficult. Food crises are issues that have plagued humans across the globe currently and historically. What makes this particular topic importantRead MoreRace And Race Relations : The Root Of Public Health Crises785 Words   |  4 Pageswhen I would shy away from an in-depth conversation about race and race relations in social situations. I would participate in class, when studying race and health disparities, however when stepped out of the classroom and conver se amongst my peers, I became more reserved. There’s something about asking those hard questions and discussing disparities as a result of oppressions and transgressions which made me uncomfortable to talk about race outside of the structured, politically-correct world of academiaRead MoreEssay On Race In Health Care1382 Words   |  6 Pagesminority groups are still enslaved by America’s rigid race classifications and assumptions. It is a fact that White Americans are significantly more healthy than African Americans, Asian American, Hispanics, and other minorities (HHS). For example, hypertension, a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, stroke, and kidney failure, is 12.2% higher among African American men than white men, and 16% more for African American Women (â€Å"Health†). This health gap has resulted in debates on whether these disparitiesRead MoreRace, Education and Health Essay3962 Words   |  16 PagesIt is no coincidence that it is called poor h ealth. What I mean is that the people who have it hardest in this country, those with the lowest incomes, have the worst health. It could just as easily be called minority health, rather than poor health, because the majority of the people living in poverty are racial or ethnic minorities. Many racial minorities in the US suffer from poor health, but not because they have worse genetics, rather from worse educational opportunities. This is a problem ofRead MoreRace Advances Health Care Research1335 Words   |  6 Pagesand research, and should not be eliminated. Firstly, studying race advances health care research because it adds a layer of understanding between the doctor and the patient; the researcher and the subject. Race is a real aspect of human life, and ignoring it completely will make a superficial relationship between health care professionals and their patients. By studying the behavior of physicians, a 2010 study concluded â€Å"patient race is important to physicians when making decisions about preconceptionRead MoreCorrelation Between Race And Health Inequalities905 Words   |  4 Pagesappointed Director of the World’s Health Organization’s Commission on Social Determinants of Health, I have the opportunity to examine the relationship between race and health inequalities. Race is a significant predictor of the distribution of health inequalities as it is quite notable that people with similar biological traits seem to experience a non-random distribution of morbidity and mortality. There are various underlying factors of health inequalities in relation to race. This report will focus onRead MoreRace, Class, and the Social Determinants of Health629 Words   |  3 Pagesreasons, it is easier for the monied classes to access quality health care when needed and, in general, lead healthier lifestyles. People of higher socioeconomic groups have been shown to live longer (Scrambler, 2012). Beginning with higher infant mortality rates, lower socioeconomic groups often face a lifetime of challenges to good health and longevity. David and Messer (2011) reported on a study by the National Institutes of Health that revealed the rate of infant mortality among African AmericanRead MoreA Brief Note On Race Based Health Disparities935 Words   |  4 PagesRace-based health disparities are believed to exist because African Americans have poorer access to care, receive lower quality healthcare treatment, and have generally poorer health outcomes than whites. In addition, African Americans also receive poorer pain treatment. More than 116 million Americans suffer from chronic pain which effects all races, yet multiple studies have indicated that African Americans and other minorities suffer disproportionately compared to whites in terms of the pain managementRead MoreRace And Health Inequality In America. . Racial Discrimination1580 Words   |  7 PagesRace and Health Inequality in America Racial discrimination by doctors According to Golash-Boza (2016), the systemic racism or the accumulated disadvantages for non-whites are also reflected in in the areas of health and environment. Golash-Boza (2016) argues that racial inequalities diminish not only he opportunities for non-whites but also â€Å"our time on earth†. This can have an effect on the health and life expectancy. It is interesting to look at why blacks have a lower life expectancy thanRead MoreSocial Variables Of Race, Gender, Class And Health914 Words   |  4 Pagesunderstanding human behavior is remarkable. The aim of this paper is to explain how sociologist views the relationship between the key social variables of race, gender, class and health. The relationship between key social variables of race, gender, class and health is important for sociologist. Intersection of race, class and gender can help predict health related outcomes. According to Henslin (2014) sociologist stress the need to use sociological imagination in understanding how personal troubles are

The poem Whos for the game. Essay - 1102 Words

The poem Whos for the game. Who would much rather come back with a crutch, than lie low and be out of the fun? Throughout the poem Whos for the game, Jessie Pope convinces many soldiers to go to war by asking questions in every stanza. Whos for the game, the biggest thetas played, the red crashing game of a fight?, she asks the reader in an excited tone, allowing the soldier to have a very positive effect on war. Who wants to play in this fight?, as if to say that the idea of war was nothing more than a boxing game, which was a common sport in the era of world war two. Most classes (even those who were rich) had more or less of an idea on the rules concerning this particular sport, and were familiar with it. The†¦show more content†¦The language of Jessie Pope is very informal as it is directed to young men, who in the era of World war two were very young (aged 16 and over) and uneducated. Who knows it wont be a picnic - not much -. This use of improper slang language could attract the attention of the young and uneducated man partially because she shares the same common speech with him making him feel more comfortable with the poem. Less able soldiers may raise their heads in marvel to the poem purely due to the continuous tempo. Use of the word lads, is what a higher figure of authority would call a boy e.g. a mother or father. This is showing that she has authority and is telling the boys what to do rather than giving them an option. Owen, unlike Pope has used similes to give a more effective description of how the soldiers feel and look like. Drunk with fatigue, deaf even to the hoots, Owen suggests that as alcohol makes one drunk and unbalanced on the feet, so does the large amounts of fatigue that the soldiers have received. Obscene as cancer, bitter as the cud, Owen uses the word cancer as he feels that there is nothing that can stop the man from dying, a small glimmer of hope but other than that it seems to be incurable. He has also used visual and sound effects rather than rhyme. If you could hear at ,every jolt, the blood, using the world jolt he gives aShow MoreRelated Jessie Popes Attitude toward War in the Poem Whos For the Game1196 Words   |  5 Pages Jessie Pope was a journalist who wrote recruitment poems for the Daily Mail during the First World War. The poems she did write were positive propaganda poems for the war; her objective was to stimulate patriotism in the readers so that the men would join the forces. Pope wrote a persuasive poem where she compared war to a game. This is illustrated in the title Whos for the game? It shows that her attitude toward war was that it was a great big event that everyoneRead More Comparing War in the Poems, Dulce et Decorum est and Who’s for the Game?1540 Words   |  7 PagesThe two poems, Dulce et decorum est and Whos for the game? are both very different war poems. Although they were both written about the First World War, they both had different purposes. The poems have aspects in which they are similar, but they also have very big differences. One similarity between the two poems is that they both have titles which express positive feelings about war. However, the titles are both used in different ways; Whos for the game? is an extended metaphor, as itRead MoreWilfred Owen s `` Dulce Et Decorum Est And Who s For The Game?1729 Words   |  7 PagesTwo poems, written during the First World War – one which its sole purpose was for propaganda (which is known for its romanticisation of war and lies) and one which tries to expose the truth. Normally, there wouldn’t be any similarities between two such poems that appear to be complete opposites – but what if there was? Despite the obvious similarities and differences, for example: ‘Dulce et Decorum Est’ was written by a man named Wilfred Owen – a soldier in World War One – and ‘Who’s For the GameRead MoreCompare How ‘Who’s for the Game?’ and ‘Dulce Et Decorum Est’ Present War and How They Reflect the Authors View Point925 Words   |  4 PagesCompare how ‘Who’s for the Game?’ and ‘Dulce et Decorum Est’ present war and how they reflect the authors view point. ‘Who’s for the Game?’ was written by Jessie Pope in 1915 (At the beginning of the First World War). Jessie Pope was an English poet who began writing for Punch; between 1902 and 1922 she supplied 170 poems to the magazine. She was a prolific writer of humorous verse, articles, and short stories, which were published in many newspapers including the Daily Mail, the Daily ExpressRead MoreAttitudes To The War in Whos For The Game? and Dulce Et Decorum Est1068 Words   |  5 Pages‘Who’s for the Game?’ and ‘Dulce Et Decorum Est’ Q: Compare the attitudes to the war and its presentation in the 2 poems ‘Who’s For The Game?’ and ‘Dulce Et Decorum Est’. Include an analysis of the language used and its structure. In the two poems ‘Who’s For the Game?’ and ‘Dulce Et Decorum Est’, there are many fundamental differences which set the two poems in two different places in a reader’s mind – the way they interpret the poem. I will be explaining how these essential differencesRead MoreEssay Comparison of Three First World War Poems1162 Words   |  5 PagesComparison of Three First World War Poems The three poems that I will be studying in this essay are â€Å"Dulce Et Decorum Est† by Wilfred Owen, â€Å"Comrades: An Episode† by Robert Nichols and â€Å"Who’s For The Game?† by Jessie Pope. These poems are about the First World War and two of them seem to have a negative attitude criticising and downgrading the so-called spectacular experience of the First World War. In â€Å"Dulce Et Decorum Est† Wilfred Owen seems to mention good aspectsRead MoreWho s For The Game?1531 Words   |  7 PagesWithin this essay, I will be comparing two very different poems; the propaganda and pro-establishment poem ‘Who’s for the game? written in 1916 by Jessie Pope which attempted to recruit men to the army by creating an unrealistic, glorified image of war and Dulce et decorum est written by Wilfred Owen in October 1917 which provides a horrific yet realistic insight into life as a solider. Within Who s for the game? , Pope uses various poetic devices to create a jovial, ebullient imageRead MoreWomen Poetry of world war one1575 Words   |  7 PagesJingoism even in some of the poems written by women. Among the jingo-writers were writers like Jessie Pope who wrote two such poems- The Call and Who’s for the Game? In ‘Who’s for the Game?’ Pope was trying to bring out the image that war was fun and full of glory that any young man could earn if only he had the courage- ‘The red crashing game of a fight? Who’ll grip and tackle the job unafraid?’ By using the words like ‘game’, ‘the biggest that’s played’ and ‘game of a fight’ she makes fightingRead MoreComparing Jessie Owenss Whos for the Game and Wilfred Owens Dulce Est Decorum Est506 Words   |  3 PagesComparing Jessie Owenss Whos for the Game and Wilfred Owens Dulce Est Decorum Est In Jessie Popes Whos for the Game? the presentation of war is quite different to what you might expect. This poem is a recruiting poem with the aim of encouraging men to volunteer to join the forces. It was written at the beginning of the First World War and therefore the true disastrous effects of the war had not been experienced. Those left behind, women, children and exempt men, wereRead MoreDulce Et Decorum Est Comparison with Whos for the Game1550 Words   |  7 Pages The poems I have chosen to compare in this essay are Wilfred Owens â€Å"Dulce Et Decorum Est† and Jessie Popes â€Å"Whos For The Game?†. The two poems I have chosen to compare are both about the first world war. Yet the two poems have very different opinions on the Great War. My first poem, Dulce et decorum, is against the war and the injustice of it all. It is narrated by one of the soldiers who is fighting in the Great War and having to face the horrors of war. On the contrary my second poem, Whos

Environmental And Consumer Organizations Protest Against...

Since the 1990s, when genetically modified organisms became available, its consumption has been increasing rapidly (Nelson, 2001). The most common genetically modified crops include corn, sugar, cotton, dairy, rice, potatoes and tomatoes. There are opponents and supporters of GMO alike. Environmental and consumer organizations protest against genetic engineering claiming that the GMO foods bring risks to human health. On the supporting side, it is believed that the use of genetically modified crops provides potential benefits. Firstly, they play a significant role in food security as one of the possible solutions to undernourishment. Secondly, genetically modified plants are cheaper to grow and better able to survive climate changes. The†¦show more content†¦Next, they transfer the desired genes to the plant s own genes and create a new plant from the genetically modified plant cell and tissue (Alberts, 2002). These new plants are called genetically modified organisms. Gene tically modified foods were first approved for consumption in the United States in 1994 and by 2015, approximately 90% of the corn, cotton, and soybeans in the United States were grown through genetic engineering techniques. By the end of 2010, GM crops occupied more than 10 million square kilometers in 29 countries around the world, but the majority of them were planted in the United States (Diaz, 2016). Since genetically modified crops have transformed genes from another species, it is argued that people who consume GM foods will obtain severe health consequences. The most vital health risks of GM crops are an allergy, toxicity, and cancer (Kaya, 2012). Food allergy is a serious health threat which affects about 5% of children and 2% of adults in the U.S. (Bakshi, 2003). It was observed that with the emergence of GMO products, the prevalence of food allergies rose by 400% (Allergykids.com, 2016). Allergens are mostly found in protein products, such as eggs, fish, shellfish, milk, peanuts, soybeans, nuts and fish (Lehrer, 1999). The transfer of genes from allergenic organisms can affect severe reactions in people with allergies. Therefore, people with known allergies can be unaware

Battle Of Shiloh Essay Research Paper Johnston free essay sample

Battle Of Shiloh Essay, Research Paper Johnston # 8217 ; s program was to get the better of Grant before Buell could get with supports. He moved to assail on Apr. 3, but because of hold in the progress to the Union forepart, it was non until early on Apr. 6 that his military personnels fell upon the enemy near Shiloh Church. Grant # 8217 ; s place was unfortified, in malice of orders to the reverse from General Halleck, Union commanding officer in the West. Having violative programs of his ain, Grant expected no onslaught, and accordingly his irregularly placed divisions were thrown back in confusion at the Confederate assault ( Encarta.msn.com ) . At a cardinal place, known as the Hornet s Nest, 6 thousand Union military personnels under Prentiss and Gen. Wallace stood land. It was called the Hornet s Nest because the sounds of the slugs winging through the air back and away sounded like a hornet. We will write a custom essay sample on Battle Of Shiloh Essay Research Paper Johnston or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The wall was broken when the Confederates brought 62 cannons and shooting at point space straight into the Union military personnel. This was the largest concentration of heavy weapon of all time assembled in North America to that point ( Bannister 84 ) . In the twenty-four hours # 8217 ; s contending the Confederates swept the field, but they suffered a immense casualty. Johnston was hit by a minie ball in the articulatio genus and bled to decease on the battleground. Beauregard, who assumed bid, was capable, but he could non prolong the impulse of the battle. Beauregard ceased conflict at nightfall. The Union forces had been pushed back over a stat mi from their first places but, although distressed, still Rizvi 3 held Pittsburg Landing, which the Confederates wanted to procure in order to cut off retreat. With 20,000 supports from the division at Crump # 8217 ; s Landing and the progress divisions of Buell # 8217 ; s ground forces, the Federal soldiers took the violative on Apr. 7. Beauregard, outnumbered and without fresh military personnels, resisted for approximately eight hours and so proceeded to retreat to Corinth ; the Union bid did non do any effectual chase ( Bannister 87-90 ) . After all the dust had cleared, 1000s of soma Internet Explorers lay motionless on the floor. The Battle of Shiloh had ruinous casualty Numberss. The approximative entire figure of casualties is 24,000 work forces. With 13,047 Union and 10,694 Confederate casualties, including a sum of about 3500 killed, more than twice the figure of solders fell at Shiloh than in all the old conflicts of the war combined ( Purcell 1780-1790 ) . Ultimately, Shiloh may be considered a Union triumph because it led to subsequently successful runs in the West. It was one of the bloodiest competitions of the war. It has been the topic of more contention than any other Civil War conflict. Furthermore, the Union ground forces had turned back a major Southern onslaught, keeping their place. The conflict opened the manner to divide the Confederacy along the Mississippi, which, in the long tally, meant licking for the Confederacy. The Battle of Shiloh was a presentation of the deathly efficiency of the new Rizvi 4 military engineering, particularly the effectivity of Civil war epoch heavy weapon. The conflict may hold affirmed the courage of Union and Confederate soldiers, but it ended any beliefs of immediate triumph for either side. After Shiloh, Grant said, I gave up all hope of salvaging the Union except by complete conquering. All in all, the Battle of Shiloh was one non to be forgotten by either side, and reconstructed the thought of war in the hereafter ( Henderson 590. ) Plants Cited Henderson, Nolan. The American Civil War: A Multicultural Encyclopedia Vol 6.. Danbury: Grolier Educational, 1986. Purcell, Edward L. and Purcell, Sarah J. Encyclopedia of Battles in North America. Facts on file, 1984. Shiloh, Battle of, # 8221 ; Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2000. hypertext transfer protocol: //encarta.msn.com/982341.html. 1997-2000. Shiloh, The Battle of, . The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. hypertext transfer protocol: //encyclopedia.com/articles/11861.html Columbia University Press, 2000.

Good and harmonious working environment free essay sample

A good and harmonious working environment is one where all workers are treated with dignity and respect, and where no worker is subjected to harassment by conduct that is related to religious belief or political opinion. Again the same principles will apply with regard to the promotion of a good and harmonious working environment on grounds of race, gender, disability, sexual orientation and age. Commonsense dictates that what will define a good and harmonious working environment may change over time and place. In addition the context of each situation warrants consideration, for example what may be perceived as light hearted banter or horseplay in one context may be considered more sinister in another. In relation to considering the nature of ‘banter’ the Tribunal has acknowledged that while banter can and does occur, there should be no place in the workplace for conduct that has the potential to disrupt an harmonious working environment or to intimidate or embarrass any worker because of his or her religious beliefs or political opinions. We will write a custom essay sample on Good and harmonious working environment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Factors That Can Create a Harmonious Working Environment Most of us will have spent time working in certain jobs and enjoyed them far more than we’ve enjoyed others. Much of the time, this might have simply been due to the type of work we were doing but, at some time, we’ve all probably had experiences of work we can point to and say that it was the atmosphere of the workplace itself that made it a fun place to me. But that then begs the question – â€Å"Why are some workplaces more of a desirable place to be?† The truth is that there is no one single ‘secret’ to creating a harmonious and peaceful workplace. However, there are a number of reasons why some workplaces are more harmonious than others. 1. Encouraging Open Communication One of the factors that foster good relations within the workplace is to encourage dialogue and effective communication. This should not just be amongst colleagues but between staff and management also. Encouraging the workforce to express ideas and views as well as suggesting improvements is a great way of achieving this. Gaining feedback on performance, either as a team or in 1-to-1 sessions as well as giving workers clearly defined, and  realistic, targets and deadlines, where they are appropriate to the role, also helps. 2. Establishing a Good Work/Life Balance Work can become unbearable if employers are only interested in themselves and making as much profit as possible without giving any regard to the needs of their staff. Yes, it’s perfectly acceptable to expect your workers to give you 100% when they’re at work but it’s also important to recognize that they have a life outside of the workplace too. Creating a ‘family friendly’ environment is a very positive step. Things like introducing flexible working practices, compassionate leave, childcare facilities such as crà ¨ches etc. will make for good relations between staff and management and will show that the company does have your best interests at heart. Companies which have already implemented these measures and others have realized that the more interest they take with regards to issues that affect staff outside of work, the happier and more productive staff will be when they are doing the job. 3. Training and Development No matter how much a person enjoys their current role, most career minded people will ultimately hope that the job they are doing now will be a stepping stone towards the next phase of their career. To retain valued members of staff, it’s therefore important that a company can provide them with the right platform in order to develop. This might include training in house, offering them the opportunity to take time out for study leave and even paying for the cost of external educational courses, if a career progression requires further study or training which cannot be provided for ‘in house’. 4. Proper Management When it comes to conflicts, it is a management responsible to identify and resolve the source of problems successfully. 5. Cordial Relationship with Colleagues Working individuals create a kind of social and diplomatic connection with each other, keeping such affiliation professional and at the same time a cordial one is essential in building a harmonious atmosphere. If someone in the team or the person you are working with lacks competence in the job,  learn to understand the person’s weakness. Attempt to help the individual realize the weak points and improve himself. It is the same thing when you are working with a team. In order to keep the team members working together, each member should not expect too much from each other and know that we all have our own differences. We all have our strengths and weaknesses, and we have to respect these diversities. If ever a team fails in reaching the goal, blaming is not an option because nothing good will come out of it. Conclusion Therefore, the three most vital components any company can introduce to foster a harmonious and peaceful workplace is to encourage dialogue, to care about your staff’s welfare, realizing the importance of their life outside of work and to try to be flexible wherever possible regarding issues which could affect that and to help them to develop further. All these ingredients will not only create a happier workforce but highly valued members of staff are more likely to remain loyal to the company, to ‘go the extra mile’ for a company when the pressure’s on, to perform to the best of their ability and this will, ultimately, save you money on recruitment and training, reduce absenteeism, lower staff turnover and improve morale which can only be good for both staff and employers alike.

A Lesson in Spelling Definite

A Lesson in Spelling Definite A Lesson in Spelling Definite A Lesson in Spelling Definite By Maeve Maddox Next to the possessive adjective its, the word definite is possibly the most misspelled word in English. If I had a nickel for every time Ive circled the misspelling definate in a students paper, Id have enough money to buy a house. Perhaps one way to impress the correct spelling of definite on the mind would be to consider the family of words to which it belongs. finite: having bounds, ends, or limits infinite: having no limit or end infinity: the quality or attribute of being infinite or having no limit define: to settle the limits of And, of course, theres definite: Having fixed or exact limits Look at all the i words in these definitions; Something that is infinite has no limits. Something that is finite has limits. To define is to limit. Something that is definite is limited. There! Go forth and spell definite with two is. For babies and children, whose nutritional needs are extraordinary, the risks are definite and scary. The breast milk of vegetarian and vegan mothers is dramatically lower in a critical brain fat, DHA (www.nytimes.com) one of the more useful words in the English language, but according to research by a linguistics professor, use of the definite article â€Å"the† has declined â€Å"radically† over the last century. (www.theguardian.com) of state for public health, committee chairman Neil Parish wrote: â€Å"We are disappointed with the lack of definite action taken by the FSA [Food Standards Agency] and wider government to date. We trust that the further response (www.theguardian.com) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:What Does [sic] Mean?How to Play HQ Words: Cheats, Tips and TricksFew vs. Several

Discuss Adorno's and the Frankfurt Sschools Concept that Celebrities Essay

Discuss Adorno's and the Frankfurt Sschools Concept that Celebrities Are One of the Means Through Twhich Capitalism Achieves it - Essay Example According to Boldrin and Levine (2002), â€Å"†¦countries are better off facilitating processes that are attractive to multinational companies and countries† (p. 212). Furthermore, the western culture has had the biggest influence on many other cultures in the world, to the angst or happiness of different people. The internet and the advent of computers have had a very big role to play in this spread of celebrity lifestyle. unlike in the past, with the click of the mouse, a fan can follow what their favorite celebrity is doing, what they eat, where they live and the minutest details of their lives. This, many people tend to imitate. This has led to many companies endorsing celebrities to market their products, banking on the fact that whatever the celebrities will be wearing, eating or be seen with will have the masses of their fans following suit, hence increase their sales. Needless to say, this does not come cheap, both to the endorsing companies and to the masses foll owing blindly. Social control is a phenomenon that is experienced by masses in the world, whether they are aware of it or not. It s described as the influence on individuals’ behaviors by institutions in the public through public opinion, social and religious organizations, use of force or violence, through appealing to people’s emotions and desires and also through use of leaders or celebrities in order to bring out certain reactions from the public in general. In the past, social control was a positive force that was meant to keep the fabric of society intact and keep evil and criminal activities at bay. However, with the media becoming more and more powerful, they have tapped into the idea of social control to influence people in order to gain monetary and other kinds of benefits, at the detriment of the whole society. This is seen through the influence caused by advertisements, TV and radio programs and wide coverage of celebrity lives, making masses desire the sam e kind and try to imitate this. Hui (2002) points out that â€Å"we found that, at least in the case of movies, the supply of creative work responded to economic incentives and consumer behavior† (p. 217.). The fact that the world has become largely capitalist is a factor that is stoking this flame. The result of this is mass deception, where the populations are made to believe that what they are seeing is the ideal of life and that they should strive to achieve these standards set by the media and celebrities. This is despite the fact that the lives celebrities live cost a fortune and cannot be achieved, at least in the short run, by most ordinary people. The result is that people have engaged in very destructive habits in order to buy into this deception. These habits include borrowing and using credit facilities beyond their means in order to get what the media has suggested, gambling, criminal activities, disregarding the old methods of working hard in order to achieve su ccess and instead depending too much on lotteries and wasting more money, amongst other socially deviant activities in order to feed their desires. According to The Culture Industry: Enlightenment as Mass Deception" Adorno and Horkheimer Frankfurt school, this is exactly what the media and the celebrity culture is using to deceive the masses. In their argument, Adorno and Horkhe

What competitive advantages would Amazon have over Wal-Mart Stores in Assignment

What competitive advantages would Amazon have over Wal-Mart Stores in doing business outside the United States - Assignment Example Wal-Mart is the second largest employer in the world. It is one of the most important organizations in the world. Its annual sales stood at $419 billion in 2010 (Roberts & Berg, 2012, p. 2). Its goods and merchandise products are sold to both the upper income level and lower income group people in US. The chief motto behind Wal Mart’s success is that it offers goods at unbelievingly low prices to it customer. Efficient logistics and inventory and by using the concept of just – in- time Wal-Mart became a world leader in retail market (Roberts & Berg, 2012, p .144). Amazon that was founded in 1995 was honored by Business Week in 2009 with its customer service award. It created a new way of shopping by placing orders over the e internet. Amazon is listed in the fortune 500 companies with revenue more than $19 billion. Customers were highly satisfied with the service and the timely dispatch of its goods (Dunne, Lusch & Carver, 2010, p.529). Amazon began its business b y sel ling books online. Presently Amazon offers songs sample of songs for the convenience of the retailers to hear it from their computers. It also offers a unique facility known as mass customization where in a previous customer is shown a page of listed books and other goods catering to the customers’ choice and preference (Ander & Stern, 2004, p. 75). Literature review Amazon and Wal-Mart have expanded their network of retail chains outside US recently. Amazon has set up its retail stores in countries like China in 2004 and India lately. It latest venture outside US was in Brazil. It expects to set up a digital book store in the country (Israel, 2012). It wishes to cater to the kindle e- reader and publish books in Portuguese as per the demands of the publishers and industry of Brazil. Amazon’s strategy to launch a digital book store would be a good strategy as far as the infrastructure system in Brazil is concerned. In Brazil, the infrastructure system is poor and the t axes implied are high. The biggest advantage Amazon would have in setting up a digital store in Brazil is that it will help the people in saving money and cut the expenses made on paying high duty taxes. This move is directly with the mission and vision statement of the firm which is to become a leader in low cot strategy. The online retail market in Brazil is expected to grow at 25 percent from 2012 onwards so it provides the golden opportunity for Amazon to penetrate the market now. The strategy adopted by Amazon in Brazil is to sell its popular kindle model at a price lower than its competitors. It has also entered into contracts with publishers to set up a portfolio of 10,000 digital books. Now, this strategy adopted by Amazon can prompt other competitors to set up their base in Brazil too (Israel, 2012). The paper next discusses the case of Wal-Mart next when it tried to set up its stores there in 1995. In 1995, Wal-Mart entered Brazil and opened its chain of retail shops (Dola n, 2004). But it failed to be successful as was reported in the article Latin America: Bumps in Brazil  by Kerry. A. Dolan. It had 25 shops and was the sixth largest retailer in Brazil but compared to it the rival firm then Companhia Brasileira de Distribuicao which had 499 shops , Wal mart failed to a large extent because of their failure to increase acquisitions. There were problems with the distribution system too as customers had to wait for long hours to get their products. In March 2004, Wal mart purchased 118 Bompreco stores but it was located in the poorer section of

Leadership: Impact On A Healthcare Organization

Leadership: Impact On A Healthcare Organization The field of health-care is labor intensive and based on powerful know-how (Kanste, 2008). In contemporary medicine both therapeutic as well as nursing tasks are performed by a team, rather than an individual, being it a doctor or a nurse, respectively. No team work can be effective without a leader; this is also true for good nursing in which the leadership is very crucial and vital. All the results of good nursing à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦may be spoiled or utterly negative by one defect, viz: in petty management (Florence Nightingale as cited in McEachen Keogh, 2007, pg.01). The health care environment becomes more competitive every day. There are few professions in which the complications of poor performance are as serious as in nursing and there are few professionals who feel the pressure of responsibility more keenly than nurses (Kenmore, 2008). This paper presents discourses on the contemporary leadership styles and highlights the characteristics and development of an effective leader a nd discusses the impact of effective leader on organisations potential to succeed. Leadership styles The continued search for good leaders resulted in the development of many leadership theories. Although leadership is not a new concept, and its fundamental function is well documented, there is no theoretical agreement or a universal definition of leadership (Farag, Mc Guinness Anthony, 2009; Mahoney, 2004 and Murphy, 2005). However, some scholars believe that certain leadership characteristics or personality traits are innate in effective leaders (Murphy, 2005). Thus the perspectives of Great man or trait theories which dominated until 1950s, states that leader are born and not made (Murphy, 2005). In the 1950s, behavioural and social scientists began to analyse leadership behaviour. The behavioural theory says that leaders are not born to lead, but learn leadership behaviour (McEachen Keogh, 2007). The efforts of these researchers were fundamental in isolation of three common leadership styles: autocratic, democratic and lassiez-faire (Murphy, 2005). The Contingency theory by Fi edler was further expanded by Herset, Blanchard and Johnson as the Situational theory (Murphy, 2005). Later, some contemporary leadership theories such as the charismatic, transactional, transformational and shared leadership theory gave rise to the contemporary leadership styles (Murphy, 2005). The contemporary leadership styles include quantum, charismatic, transactional, transformational, relational, shared and servant leadership (Murphy, 2005).Though there are many leadership styles identified in the literature, laissez-faire, transactional and transformational leadership styles are the primary leadership styles identified in the nursing and management studies (Farag et al., 2009). Laissez-faire leadership indicates the absence of leadership (McGuire Kennerly, 2006). This leadership style is ineffective in promoting purposeful interaction and it contributes to organizational demise (McGuire Kennerly, 2006). Transactional leaders view the leader-follower relationship as a process of exchange (McGuire Kennerly, 2006). On the other hand, transformational leadership is a process that motivates followers by appealing to higher ideals and moral values (Trofino, 2005). The transactional leader sets goals, gives directions and tends to gain compliance by offering rewards for performance (McEachen Keogh, 2007). Whereas, by inspiring a shared vision through clear roles, effective teamwork and providing feedback on individual or team performance transformational leaders enables the staff to explore their professional practice (Halm, 2010). The three elements of transactional leadership are: contingent reward, where the leader provides reward that is dependent on the performance; passive management by exception, where the leader takes corrective action when problems arise and active management by exception, where the leader takes corrective action in anticipation of problem (Chen, Beck Amos, 200 5; McGuire Kennerly, 2006; Rukmani, Ramesh Jayakrishnan, 2010). Similarly, the four elements of transformational leadership are idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation and individualized consideration (McGuire Kennerly, 2006; Halm, 2010). The expected outcome of transactional leadership is enhanced role clarity, job satisfaction and improved performance (McGuire Kennerly, 2006). On the contrary, the ultimate outcome of transformational leadership is to change the mental model of employees, to link desired outcome to values held by employees and to build strong employee identification within the group or organization (McGuire Kennerly, 2006; Halm, 2010). There are also some pitfalls and limitations of transactional leadership. Transactional leadership might not yield the same results across culture; such as, most North American culture which emphasize individualism, whereas many Asian culture emphasize collectivism (McGuire Kennerly, 2006). Hence, transactional leaders need to understand at which level to establish their reward system- individual or collective reward (McGuire Kennerly, 2006). Transactional leaders cannot provide leadership over task areas in which they have no expert knowledge (McGuire Kennerly, 2006). Likewise, there are some limitations to transformational leadership. Transformational leaders need to be updated in their knowledge and skills (McGuire Kennerly, 2006; Halm, 2010). There is a growing demand for evidence-based decision making, where, to show leadership, a transformational leader need to cite hard and factual evidence, as transformational leaders have nothing worth saying without strong evidence. Fin ally, the transformational leaders will be needed to inspire flexible, multi skilled work forces to bridge the barriers established by rigid job description and functional departments (Trofinio, 2004). Transformational leadership is not an alternative to transactional leadership, but it augments transactional leadership (Spinelli, 2006). Therefore, an effective leader achieves a balance between transformational and transactional behavior, thus creating a leadership style which matches the needs of followers (McGuire Kennerly, 2006). The current shortage of nurses at the bedside magnifies the importance of having a strong, clear, and supportive and inspiration leadership across health care organization (McGuire Kennerly, 2006). Characteristics and development of effective leader While there is disparity amongst the theorist definitions of leadership, there is consensus pertaining to qualities necessary to realize effective leader (Murphy, 2005). There are various traits of an effective leader mentioned throughout the literature. Having a vision is a key feature of effective leadership and it is the clarity of vision evolved by the leader about the future of the organization that distinguish them as effective (Joyce, 2009). An effective leader has a vision for the future, which helps him to set objectives, aims, goals and standards and to achieve the set goals; the leader has a plan to implement (Fletner, Mitchell, Norris Wolfe, 2008). Tomey (2009) mentions some of the essential leadership traits which also empower people. These include accessible, collaborative, communicative, flexible, good listener, honest, influential, knowledgeable, positive, supportive and visible (Tomey, 2009). An effective leader should also posses job knowledge, positive attitude, d elegation skills, positive partnership and should be a role model, dependable, motivating, and compassionate (Fletner et al., 2008; Cook Leathard, 2004). An effective leader must recognize the individual strength and weakness of each person involved, shifting focus as necessary in an effort to elevate each persons level of effectiveness as an individual and as a part of a team (Fletner et al., 2008). As Joyce, 2008, rightly quotes that effective leaders walk the talk. Consequently, there is consistency between their values, vision, standards and behavior (Fletner et al., 2008; Joyce, 2008). A good leader should ideally possess all of the identified characteristics, or at least a majority of them (Fletner et al., 2008). Fletner et al. (2008) also reveal that any characteristics can be a leaders strength or weakness depending on the situational needs and persons involved in the given scenario. Neither there is just one characteristic that defines a leader, nor should, the entire identified characteristic be required when determining whether an individual would be an effective leader (Fletner et al., 2008). Likewise, to say one character istic is more important than the other is to fragment the idea of leadership (Fletner et al., 2008). A leader with insufficient leadership training might become exhausted in trying to achieve the organizational goals and thus, in turn, a leader might burnout and dissatisfaction among subordinates might increase (Chen, Beck Amos, 2005). One of the greatest challenges we face in nursing profession is to develop future nurse leaders (Jumaa, 2008; Kleinman, 2004; Mahoney, 2004; Murray DiCroce, 2003). Hence, training effective leaders has been proposed as a key to increase professionalism in nursing (Chen, Beck and Amos, 2005). Although it remains unclear, how to best prepare effective leaders, evidence suggest that graduate education may be an important precursor to the development of effective leadership style (Kleinman, 2004; Mahoney, 2004). Developing a relationship with specific academic provider of registered nurse to Bachelor of Science in nursing programs and graduate education in nursing administration may facilitate nurse managers returning for advanced education (Klienman, 2 004). Onsite and distance education programs may offset obstacles of scheduling and geography (Kleinman, 2004). The feasibility of mandating graduate education requirements for all practicing nurse managers is limited; therefore, continuing education strategies must focus on nurse manager leadership training (Kleinman, 2004; Mahoney, 2004; Wilson, 2005). An effective continuing educational program should consider providing monetary incentive and an organizational commitment that allows sufficient time to be spent on course work, in addition to management responsibilities (Kleinman, 2004). Conley, Branowicki and Hanley (2007), recommend a three component orientation for nursing leaders including nurse manger competencies, precepting by supervisor and written and classroom resources. Learning about the history of nursing, and especially about people who greatly influenced the development of nursing, has a fundamental meaning in fulfilling the vocation for nursing (Kosinska Niebroj, 2 004). In this context, the statement saying that history is a teacher of life seems to be true and of paramount importance for creating leaders (Kosinska Niebroj, 2004). The Leading Empowered Organizations(LEO) program, shared between United Kingdom and United State of America, is constructed around a model that identifies consensus decision making, interdependence, positive discipline, responsibility, authority and accountability as key areas of effective leading (Cook Leathard, 2004). Recognizing the need to invest in nurse managers to reduce turnover, the Pacific Northwest Nursing Leadership Institute was created in Washington State, in 2002, to support the development and preparation of nursing leaders (Wilson, 2005). Thus, there are various programs, education and institutions, to encourage the development of leadership skills among nurses; which highlights the impact that an effective leader can have on the organization. Impact of effective leadership on organization The inability of hospital to retain staff nurses threatens the adequacy of health care delivery and increases personnel and patient care costs (Kleinman, 2004). Many factors have led to rising health care costs, which have increased faster than the general inflation over the past three decades (Spinelli, 2006). Performance standards for effective leaders require them to be accountable for transactional processes such as budgets, productivity and quality monitoring; while at the same time displaying transformational characteristics by acting as a coach, mentor and a leader (Kleinman, 2004; Spinelli, 2006). A creative work climate has a strong relationship to job satisfaction and the nurse manager is an important link in creating such a climate (Sellgren, Ekvall, Tomson, 2006; DeCasterle, Willemse, Verschueren Milisen, 2008). Job satisfaction has been described as the most important predictor for nurses intention to remain employed (Sellgren et al., 2006; Carney, 2008). The perception of staff nurses towards the leadership behavior of their manager was significantly related to their job satisfaction (Sellgren et al., 2006; Klienman, 2004). Staff that perceives job satisfaction is essential for the ability to give high quality and safe care (Sellgren et al., 2006). Job dissatisfaction leads to absenteeism, problems of grievances, low morale and high turnover (Wong Cummings, 2007). On the contrary, poor leadership was found to be one of the main reasons for dissatisfaction and intention to leave (Neilsen, Yarker, Brenner, Randall and Borg, 2008 and Sellgren et al., 2006). Altered perfo rmance, affecting patient outcome, which in turn results in higher employment cost is also found to be associated with decreased job satisfaction (Wong Cummings, 2007). The findings of the study done by Wong and Cummings (2007) and Kenmore, (2008), suggest that there is a relationship between leadership and patient satisfaction, patient mortality and patient safety outcomes, adverse events and complications. Positive leadership behavior increased patient satisfaction, and decreased incidences of patient mortality, adverse events and complication (Wong Cummings, 2007). Effective nursing leadership is essential to the creation of practice environments with appropriate staffing level, that support nurses in preventing unnecessary death, adverse events and complications (Wong Cummings, 2007). A recent study done in mental health service organizations show that, both organizational culture and organizational climate impact work attitude and subsequently staff turnover (Wong Cummings, 2007). Effective leaders can also help in the recruitment process by recruiting staff as per the job description and thus help in the organizational development (Neilsen et al., 2008 and Sellgren et al., 2006). The study done by Wong and Cummings (2007), in Singapore, to determine the effect of leadership behavior on employee outcome, shows that in times of stress and chaos, leadership styles that transform, create meaning in the midst of turmoil and produce desirable employee outcome are more beneficial for organizations existence and performance. Conclusion In conclusion, it is apparent that nurses can lead the health care industry as they comprise the major component of all health care employees; being on the front line and having the most frequent direct contact with the patients and their families. The increasing emphasis on fiscal accountability in global recessionary times places even greater emphasis on measuring organizational effectiveness (Joyce, 2009). The need to move a health care organization forward in an era of declining profit margin, diminishing capacity, manpower shortages and technological expansion cannot be overstated. The call for the nurses to become recognized leaders of health care industry; possessing the knowledge, skills and attitudes relevant for effective leadership and the necessity to use the technology of the 21st century to aim for an essentially global community are the key perspective significant to nursing leadership and management(Jumaa, 2008). Effective leadership behavior is the key to productive and happily satisfied nurses with great organizational commitment. Nevertheless, it is how the leader leads in the context of the setting which is paramount. To sum up, positive or effective leadership is critical towards achieving and driving organizational effectiveness. Lymphatic Filariasis Disease: Causes and Treatments Lymphatic Filariasis Disease: Causes and Treatments Abstract Lymphatic Filariasis is a disease that is on the World Health Organizations (WHO) top ten list of diseases to eliminate by 2020. Left untreated and undetected, it can lead to a condition called Elephantiasis. The name comes from the severe swelling of the limbs that occurs during the chronic state of the disease. It is transmitted via mosquitoes to humans in tropical and sub-tropical climates and it is endemic in a large number of countries around the world. Prevention is possible via some very basic methods and early detection and treatment can prevent long-term consequences associated with the disease. Lymphatic Filariasis is a little known disease in the United States but it is on the World Health Organizations top ten list of diseases to eliminate along with Malaria and leprosy (Narain, J.P., Dash, A.P., Parnell, B., Bhattacharya, S.K., Barua, S., Bhatia, R. et al., 2010). A large portion of the population of the planet is at risk of contracting this often debilitating disease. Common Names Lymphatic Filariasis is also referred to as Bancrofts Filariasis and Elephantiasis when the disease it has progressed to its chronic state. (Elephantiasis, 2010). Causative Organisms The main causative organism is a microscopic parasitic roundworm. There are three different types of this worm: Wuchereria bancrofti (most common and makes up 90% of all cases), Brugia malay and Brugia timori (Longe, 2006). Wuchereria bancrofit lives in warm regions on every continent except North America (Callahan, 2002). Brugia malayi is primarily found in India, Southeast Asia and Indonesia (Callahan, 2002). Brugia timori is found to a very limited extent in Timor. Symptoms The disease has two stages, acute and chronic. When the disease is in the acute phase, the symptoms usually include a recurring fever and infections of the lymph vessels or nodes in the arms, legs or genitals which can lead to severe and permanent swelling of the lymph vessels and secondary infections (Elephantiasis, 2010). In the chronic stage, the worms block the lymphatic areas of the limbs which cause overgrowth of the limb or body part because the lymphatic system is not able to perform its function of draining fluid out of the area (Callahan, 2002). Males may also have swelling in the scrotum. This is how the disease gets the name of Elephantiasis because the limbs enlarge to the point where they resemble elephant limbs and the skin takes on a rough texture like elephant skin (Ferrara, 2010). Incubation Period The precise mechanism that causes the pathology of the disease is not known and some people who are infected may not show any signs or symptoms for many months and sometimes even years (Rajan, 2003). The parasite apparently only infects humans and has never been found to affect animals. The parasite migrates to the lymphatic vessels and takes up residence. It then matures into the worm over the course of a few months to one year and begin producing the microfilariae which is suspected of causing the initial fevers and chills that are the first symptoms of the disease (Rajan, 2003). Also, if a person is infected once, they may never actually develop any symptoms even though the worm is living in their lymphatic system and the microfilarasia are circulating in their blood. It is repeated exposure with multiple worms along with the worms excretions and blockage of the lymphatic system that seems to cause the disease to progress to its most severe form especially since the worm will norm ally die sometime after seven year (Rajan, 2003). Duration of Disease The duration of Lymphatic Filariasis varies depending on the number of re-infections suffered by a host. A person with Elephantiasis can live with the disease and usually dies from complications and secondary infections from the worms both living and dead (Wallace Kohatsu, 2008). The disease can last a lifetime and can worsen over time if left untreated. The disfiguring growth of the limbs or genitalia is another side effect as well as permanent damage to the lymphatic system, kidneys and secondary infections. There is also a social stigma to the deformities that accompany the chronic stages of the disease. Those who suffer from the disease are often ostracized. The adult worm normally lives from three to five years and the microfilariae will die after twelve months if not taken up by a mosquito to begin the next phase of the lifecycle (Longe, 2006). Transmission A person contracts the disease by being bitten by an infected mosquito of the genera Culex, Aedes or Anopheles. The mosquitoes are the intermediate hosts and when they bite someone, they inject the third-stage larvae into the blood of the host (Elephantiasis, 2010). Once injected into a human host, the larvae mature into worms which move to the lymphatic system and after about one year, produce embryo called microfilariae (Callahan, 2002). Adult worms live for about seven years (Ferrara, 2010). It is the buildup of adult worms in the lymphatic system over time that causes lymph fluid to collect which leads to severe swelling of the limbs and groin area (Ferrara, 2010). The microfilariae circulate in the blood stream waiting to be taken up by a mosquito. Interestingly, the microfilariae are at their most active in the blood at night when mosquitoes are also most active (Wallace Kohatsu, 2008). This increases the chance of being taken up by a mosquito and continuing the lifecycle. Whe n a mosquito bites and infected host, they take up the microfilariae along with the blood. The larvae mature to the second state in the mosquitoes. Repeated exposure and repeated transmission of larvae that can mature into adult worms is usually what brings on the symptoms (Ferrara, 2010). A person who is bitten once and infected may never actually experience any symptoms. Prevention and Treatment The disease is being attacked from many angles by the WHO. Those who have an active parasite are normally treated with the drug Diethylcarbamazine (DEC) which will both limit the number of microfilariae in the blood stream and gradually kill the parasite (Lammie, Milner Houston, 2006). The drug will cause some nausea and vomiting and sometimes fever depending on the level of microfilariae in the blood (Elephantiasis, 2010). However, because the treatment lasts for over one year, it is sometimes difficult to get the needed medical supplies to the areas with the highest incidence in a cost effective manner. Since the drug DEC seems to act as a deterrent as well as a cure, there is a proposal to add DEC to salt for distribution in the affected areas of the world in much the same manner that iodine was added to salt (Lammie, Milner Houston, 2006). Trials with DEC fortified salt have been carried out in China, Brazil, Haiti, India and Tanzania with great success since DEC laced salt acts as a protective measure as well as providing benefits for those already infected (Lammie, Milner Houston, 2006). Other drugs used in treatment include ivermectin and albendazole and more recently doxycycline (Wallace Kohatsu, 2008). Albendazole will kill the worms but does not have any effect on the microfilaria in the blood so the transmission cycle will continue unless the intermediate host is also reduced or eliminated (Wallace Kohatsu, 2008). In addition to drug therapies, movement of the affected limbs is encouraged along with antibiotics for any secondary infections caused by damage to the lymphatic system (Ferrara, 2010). There is little that can be done once the lymphatic swelling has set in other than attempting to force the lymph out via compression bandages (Elephantiasis, 2010). The other alternative is surgery to correct the affected limbs but this is sometimes not cost effective. Because the causative agent spends a portion of its lifecycle in the mosquito, the preventative measures that are being undertaken include the use of insect repellent and protective clothes in affected areas as well as water treatment to reduce the insect population that transmits the disease to humans (Wallace Kohatsu, 2008). Other measures include the use of mosquito netting, screens on windows and staying inside after dark when mosquitoes are the most likely to be active (Ferrara, 2010). In addition, while the mosquitoes are being dealt with, the population near the affected area can be given DEC as a preventative treatment so that the cycle of transmission is broken (Elephantiasis, 2010). Antibiotics have also been shown to be effective in the past but because antibiotics should not have any impact on a nematode, the effect of antibiotics was dropped until recently. There has also been some investigation into the possibility that a certain population of the worms themselves have a bacterial symbiont which is susceptible to the antibiotics (Rajan, 2003). The suspicion is that the two species have become dependent and if the symbiont dies, the host dies as well. If this is proven true, then antibiotics may also be used at some point in the future to treat lymphatic Filariasis in some cases. It is also suspected that some of the inflammation and other secondary infections might actually be caused by the symbiont rather than the nematode. Incidence: World, USA and Colorado Approximately eighty to one-hundred million people in 75 countries around the world are at risk of contracting Lymphatic Filariasis and forty million are in the chronic stages of the disease and suffer from the disfiguring disability known as Elephantiasis (Lammie, Milner, Houston, 2006). Lymphatic Filariasis occurs primarily in tropical and subtropical countries mostly in coastal areas with high humidity although it also occurs in Japan and China and come European countries (Elephantiasis, 2010). The area with the highest risk is south-East Asia. Lymphatic Filariasis at one point appeared in Charleston, South Carolina until about 1920 but then dies out before World War II (Elephantiasis, 2010). The reason for the disappearance in the United States is due to mosquito control and water sanitation (Elephantiasis, 2010). It occurs in the United States primarily where it has been contracted elsewhere and brought back to the United States (Elephantiasis, 2010). There does not seem to be any incidence of the disease in Colorado primarily because the climate and altitude and mosquito population do not generally offer a good climate for the life cycle. Mortality Rate: World, USA and Colorado Lymphatic Filariasis although impacting millions does not have a high mortality rate. The chief issue with the disease is the ongoing illnesses and secondary infections along with lost productivity and economic hardship suffered by those affected. According the World Health Organization, Lymphatic Filariasis is a targeted disease for elimination due to the large number of people at risk (Weekly epidemiological record, 2009). Those who contract the disease can live with it for all or most of their lives and it is the repeated infections via mosquito bites that eventually lead to the progression to the chronic state of the disease and eventual death ((Narain, J.P., Dash, A.P., Parnell, B., Bhattacharya, S.K., Barua, S., Bhatia, R. et al., 2010) Isolation Technique The disease is difficult to detect because the initial infection may not present any symptoms as the worm moves to the lymphatic system and matures. It can also take some time for the Microfilaria to show in the blood in sufficient quantity. The isolation technique will either focus on detecting the adult worm or the microfilariae. Blood samples can be taken and the sheathed microfilaria can be detected in a Giemsa stain which is a stain specifically used for detecting the presence of microfilaria in the blood (Wallace, Kohatsu, 2008). A methylene azure B. stain is used on the blood sample and if there is microfilaria in the blood, they will appear blue or purple. It is important that this blood be taken in the evening when the microfilaria is most active. The microfilaria can move out of the blood during the day so blood samples taken in daylight hours can sometimes result in false negatives (Longe, 2006). Also, it is possible that an infected person will not have any microfilaria in the blood. The worm itself is very hard to detect because it is buried in the lymphatic system. Another technique used is to look for what is called the filarial dance sign in the scrotum (Wallace Kohatsu, 2008). This is a visible detection of the worms movements via ultrasound. Conclusion Lymphatic Filariasis is a preventable disease that strikes poor countries in tropical and sub-tropical countries. Its debilitating effects have made it a target for elimination in the countries affected. Prevention methods are basic and include proactively spraying for the mosquitoes and treating the population with DEC laced salt or administration of DEC in tablet forms in order to break the cycle of infection. In addition, common precautions against mosquitoes can also be used such as protective clothing, netting and sprays.

From the Bigs to NU: Performance Enhancement :: Journalism Essays

From the Bigs to NU: Performance Enhancement From the very first time he touched the newest and hottest in a long line of drug fads, Justin Hedrick, then high school running back, now star pitcher for the Northeastern baseball team, was swept up in the craze of ephedra. Looking back, he realizes what a fortunate decision he made to stop using the common muscle supplement linked to as many as 155 deaths around the country since its introduction in the mid-1990s. â€Å"Before (football) season, we used to cut down a little bit of weight in order to see how fast we could run or get our 40 times up a bit,† he said. â€Å"A couple of us running backs took it to see what it was like, and took it for about a month. â€Å"We just got ripped, it was ridiculous. It was perfect,† he added. â€Å"Our 40s went up, everything that we were doing, the amount of time we were working †¦ everything increased and we were like, ‘Ok, this stuff is awesome.’ After we played the season and were going to get on it next season, all the reports came out saying it was going to cause heart attacks. After researching it †¦ I was just a stupid, young, high school kid and I didn’t look into it before. But, once you do, you realize it’s basically speed. You kind of frown upon that after awhile. I mean, it’s great for the time being, but once you research it you find out what it does – and that’s just scary.† How does it work? Ephedra (also known as the Chinese herbal treatment ma huang), has been used in China for thousands of years. But, what makes it kick? â€Å"In simple terms, the human body reacts to ephedra as it does to a surge of adrenaline,† explains diet-pills-information.org. â€Å"Adrenaline is the ‘fight-or-flight’ hormone which is released by the body during the periods of stress and exercise. It speeds up heart rate and sends extra blood to muscles. The difference is that whereas an adrenaline rush typically lasts only a few minutes, the effects of ephedra can last for hours. Ephedra also stimulates the release of large quantities of adrenaline. Such a surge of adrenaline can make the heart beat even faster and deplete oxygen that keeps the heart working – resulting in heart strain or even heart attack.† This process, according to numerous researchers, is an even greater danger when combined with caffeine, which is found in most ephedra-containing supplements.

Paradigm Shifts of Church History Essay

As described by Bosch in his foreword he talks about the title as ambiguous. â€Å"Transforming† can be an adjective used to describe â€Å"mission†. Mission can be understood as not the enterprise that transforms reality, but something that is itself being transformed. Let’s now look at the first paradigm shift. 1. Primitive Christianity †¦. go and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, and teaching them to obey everything I have commanded you. â€Å"[2] The great commission has to be taken into account with the rest of Matthew’s gospel where we see the â€Å"road† of mission to the gentiles is open. The Mission of Jesus was to breakdown boundaries and to include all, even those who were seen as enemies. God invites all and it is those who respond that are accepted. Early Christian mission was focused only on the Jews. Mission to the gentiles came as a spin-off mission. Early Christian mission involved the person of Jesus and it was political and revolutionary. The revolutionary aspect was seen in the new relationships it brought among Jews, Greek, free, slave, rich, poor, women etc. The early church had to seal their witness (martyria) with their blood; â€Å"Martyrdom and Mission† says Hans von Campenhaussen â€Å"belonged together†. [3] 2. The Patristic Period (The Eastern Church) Mission in the Patristic (first fathers) period is thoroughly church centered which means that the church is the aim; the fulfillment of the Gospel, rather than the instrument or means of mission[4]. In Orthodox thinking, mission is the place of liturgy (public worship). A witnessing community is a community of worshippers. Also Orthodox mission is founded on the love of God as seen in John 3:16. The church began to progress too, the apostles and itinerant preachers were replaced by bishops and deacons and later too was the monastic movement (which was the practice of renouncing worldly pursuits to fully devote one’s self to spiritual work). Mission to the non-Roman Asia spread mainly by the Nestorian monastic orders (who emphasized the disunion between the human and divine natures of Jesus). In 1054 the great schism took place between the Eastern and Western church. This was the beginning of the Orthodox Church and the Catholic Church. Constantine moved the headquarters of the Empire from Rome to Constantinople and the church began to compromise with the state politically. The church became secularised and Salvation was a gradual progress that leads to the divine. 3. The Medieval Roman Catholic Period â€Å"Then the master told his servant, ‘Go out to the roads and country lanes and compel them to come in, so that my house will be full. [5] Where the early church took its missionary text from John 3:16 talking about the love of God, the Roman Catholic Church had the focus of ‘compelling them to come in’. They argued that there was no salvation outside the formal membership of the RC Church. The Roman Empire had become linked to the RC Church. The Catholic Church became extremely influential over the State and loyalty to the state meant being loyal to the church. Islam became increasingly popular in the East leading to the capture of Constantinople in 1453. Pope Alexander VI divided the colonized world into two for mission purposes. One was under the King of Spain and the other under the King of Portugal. The mission of the church was linked to the mission of the state. They sent Missionaries to the colonized territories. Europe was broadly seen as Christian and therefore no real need for evangelism. The monastic movement may have been the reason was so much authentic Christianity evolved in Europe’s ‘dark ages’. Reformation Period (the Protestant Paradigm) I am not ashamed of the gospel, because it is the power of God that brings salvation to everyone who believes: first to the Jew, then to the Gentile. 6] Martin Luther had a realization that God’s righteousness did not mean God’s punishment and wrath, but his gift of grace and mercy in which anyone could be saved. Bosch noted that the Protestant missionary paradigm tended to vary from various extremes. Bosch shows that although the idea of mission was there among the Protestants, their involvement was limited. This was due to; (a) their primary task was to reform the church; (b) contact with non-Christians was little (c) they were struggling to survive; (d) denial of the monastic orders meant they denied themselves access to important services and (e) their own internal struggles. Luther’s reformation made little sense of this world, Calvinism in Holland (developed Luther’s doctrine of justification by faith) and Puritanism in England (the Protestant church regarded the Reformation of the Church of England as incomplete and sought to simplify and regulate forms of worship) did. Bosch then refers to Gisbertus Voetius’s threefold model of the theology of mission. He sees these dimensions as; (a) conversion of the Gentiles (b) planting of the church and (c) the glory and manifestation of divine grace (he saw the churches of old and new standing as equal)[7]. Enlightenment Period Mission during this period was diverse and multifaceted than ever before. The change from medieval to enlightenment thinking made the supernatural redundant and the natural attracted more attention. God, the church and the nobles were no longer revered, but nature was. This gospel of the kingdom will be preached in the whole world as a testimony to all nations, and then the end will come. [8] The thief comes only to steal and kill and destroy; I have come that they may have life, and have it to the full. 9] Then Jesus came to them and said, â€Å"All authority in heaven and on earth has been given to me. Therefore go and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, and teaching them to obey everything I have commanded you. And surely I am with you always, to the very end of the age. â€Å"[10] During this period as you can see from the scriptures above, the main sense of mission was the urgency o f the coming of the new millennium. The modern missionary enterprise has been greatly influenced by the enlightenment’s concept of ecclesiastical and cultural expansion. These were in the church and state. Colonisation and Christianisation went together, and were two sides of the same coin. Later, during the enlightenment the two went onto separate paths, forces of renewal and the second awakening. 6. Ecumenical Period The church turned from being an institution to being the body of Christ with its outlook on mission being revitalized and seen afresh. Missionary conferences began to emerge as Bosch referring to Gunther; â€Å"ecclesiological reflections of missionary conferences from Edinburgh 1910 to Mexico City in 1963†[11]. The ‘Missio Dei† concept first surfaced in 1952 at the Willingen Conference[12]. The idea of God as a missionary God[13]. Mission as stated by Bosch is as follows; meditating salvation; the quest for justice; evangelism; contextualization, liberation, inculturation; common witness; ministry by the holy people of God, witness to people of other living faiths; and as action in hope. Bosch looks at the life of Jesus with what we can learn for mission today.

Obesity in America Management and Control - 716 Words

Obesity in America: Management and Control Americans are among the heaviest people on earth. Not only are we getting fatter, but were doing it at a younger age. It is estimated that as many as one in five Americans is obese, a condition defined as being more than 30 percent above the ideal weight based on height. In the United States, obesity prevalence doubled among adults between 1980 and 2004 (Ogden, et al., 2007). By understanding the magnitude, causes, and impact of obesity has on our society we can find ways to control this widespread phenomenon. Health Promotion strategies offer a promising avenue for mitigating this problem. According to Fred Kuchler and Nicole Ballenger (2002) being overweight or obese are major public health problems costing society over a billion dollars annually and posing as large a threat of death as poverty, smoking, or problem drinking. Obesity is associated with a number of conditions, including diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, certain cancers, and with increased risk of disability and a modestly elevated risk of all-cause mortality. The obesity problem did not occur overnight. In fact, it has been emerging for decades but only recently has it reached crisis proportions and grabbed national headlines. While Americans at the turn of the 20th century may have aspired to be plump, by now most people are aware of the health problems associated with excess weight. Diet books top the bestseller list, whileShow MoreRelatedObesity And The American Health Care System914 Words   |  4 PagesObesity is an epidemic that is putting uncomfortable strains on the American health care system. With just under two-thirds of the American adult population being overweight or obese, a lot of time and effort has gone into uncovering the causes of this rise in the weights of American citizens. 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